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Llaveros de México. Coyolxauhqui. (náhuatl: Coyolxāuhqui [kojoɬˈʃaːʍki], cara pintada con cascabeles).
Diosa de la Luna de los aztecas. Hija de Coatlícue, la Tierra, y hermana de las cuatrocientas estrellas. Un día, cuando barría su templo en lo alto del cerro-Templo Mayor- de Coatepec, Coatlícue la Tierra, quedó embarazada milagrosamente gracias a una bolita de plumas de colibrí que cayó del cielo y que puso en su regazo. Coyolxauhqui, furiosa por la supuesta afrenta de su madre, se dirigió a matarla junto con sus hermanos. Huitzilopochtli, el Sol y dios de la guerra, desde el vientre de la Tierra advirtió el peligro y defendió su vida y la de su madre naciendo en ese momento como un guerrero y, decapitando a Coyolxauhqui con una serpiente de fuego, los lanzó, a ella y a sus hermanos, al firmamento. Así, ella se convirtió en la Luna y sus hermanos en las estrellas. En su caída, la diosa se fue desmembrando en cada giro. Se dice que esta batalla primera es la base mítica de los sacrificios humanos aztecas en honor a Huitzilopochtli, el Sol, dios de la guerra. La escultura tiene 3.25 metros de diámetro en promedio, 8 toneladas de peso y está hecha en piedra volcánica. Su desmembramiento es la explicación de un fenómeno celeste, en el cual la Luna muere y nace por fases, cada mes derrotada por el Sol, a pedazos. Así fue encontrada Coyolxauhqui al pie de la escalinata de Huitzilopochtli en el Templo Mayor.
Cultura: Azteca
Procedencia: Templo Mayor
Región: Centro de México, DF
Más…El relieve muestra a la diosa decapitada y mutilada de brazos y piernas, con gotas de sangre que emanan de sus extremidades y que dejan expuestas las coyunturas óseas. Está adornada con un cinturón de serpiente bicéfala rematado con un cráneo en su espalda. La serpiente de dos cabezas se repite en los atados de muslos y brazos. Las articulaciones y los talones de sus pies están adornados con mascarones compuestos por un rostro de perfil provisto de colmillos, cuyo significado todavía se presta a las más variadas conjeturas. Lleva sus sandalias, muñequeras y tobilleras. Su tronco, con los pechos caídos, está de frente, mientras que sus caderas dan un inusitado giro mostrándose de perfil y obligando a las extremidades a colocarse de igual forma. Su cabeza porta un gran penacho de plumas y su pelo está adornado con círculos. Sus orejeras, compuestas por tres figuras geométricas, enmarcan su rostro cuyo ornamento principal, los cascabeles en la mejilla, da nombre a la diosa Luna, de la que parece salir el último aliento de vida a través de su boca entreabierta; se distinguen pequeñas bolas de plumas de águila en el cabello y una pestaña mexica con el símbolo mexica para año en su oreja. Los estudiosos creen que la decapitación y el desmembramiento de Coyolxauhqui se reflejan en el patrón de los sacrificios rituales de guerreros. Primero, los corazones de los cautivos eran extraídos del pecho. Entonces eran decapitados y desmembrados. Finalmente, sus cuerpos eran arrojados desde el templo por las escalinatas de la pirámide, quizás sobre la gran piedra de Coyolxauhqui.
Keychains of Mexico. Coyolxauhqui (náhuatl: Coyolxāuhqui [kojoɬˈʃaːʍki], face painted with rattles).
Goddess of the Moon for the Aztecs or Mexicas. Daughter of Coatlícue, the Earth, and sister of the four hundred stars. One day, while sweeping her temple on top of the hill-Great Temple-of Coatepec, Coatlícue the Earth, became pregnant miraculously due to a small ball of hummingbird feathers that dropped from the sky which she put away inside her dress. Coyolxauhqui, furious by her mother’s supposed affront, went to kill her along with her brothers. Huitzilopochtli, the Sun and god of war, saw the danger from the Earth’s womb, and defended his life and his mother’s by being born in that moment as a warrior; he decapitated Coyolxauhqui with a fire serpent and threw her and his brothers into the sky. Thus, she became the Moon, and his brothers the stars. Upon her fall, the goddess dismembered with each tumble. It is said that this first battle is the mythic basis of the Aztec human sacrifices in honor to Huitzilopochtli, the Sun, god of war. The sculpture has 3.25 meters in diameter in average, 8 tons of weight and is made of volcanic stone. Her dismemberment is the explanation of a celestial phenomenon, in which the Moon is born and dies by phases, each month defeated by the Sun; piece by piece. Like this is how Coyolxauhqui was found at the base of the stairs of Huitzilopochtli, at the Great Temple (Templo Mayor).
Culture: Aztec
Location: Great Temple (Templo Mayor)
Region: Center of Mexico, DF
More…The relief shows the goddess, decapitated and mutilated of arms and legs, with drops of blood flowing from her extremities and exposing the bone unions. She is decorated with a belt of a two headed serpent, with an added skull on her back. The two headed serpent is repeated on the ties of legs and arms. The articulations and the heels of her feet are decorated with grotesque heads composed of a profiled head with fangs, which meaning is still object of the most different opinions. She carries her sandals, wristbands and ankle bands. Her chest, with the breasts hanging, is upwards, while her hips make an unusual twist, lying sideways and making the extremities be placed the same way. Her head wears a great feather bonnet and her hair is decorated with circles. Her earmuffs, composed by three geometric figures, frame her face,of which main ornament, the rattles on the cheek, give name to the the Moon, of whom the last breath of life appears to be leaving through her half open mouth; small eagle feather balls can be distinguished on the hair and a Mexica eyelash with the Mexica symbol for year in her ear. The scholars believe that the decapitation and dismemberment of Coyolxauhqui reflect in the pattern of warrior ritual sacrifices. First, the hearts of the captive were extracted from the chest. Then they were decapitated and dismembered. Finally, their bodies were thrown from the top of the Great Temple through the stairs of the pyramid, perhaps over the great stone of Coyolxauhqui.
Llaveros de Mexico. Cabeza maya, cabeza de Palenque, rostro de Pakal II o del dios del maíz personificado por este rey. K'inich J'anaab Pakal (¿Gran Sol? Escudo) (6 de marzo de 603-30 de agosto de 683), conocido también como Pacal II o Pacal el Grande, fue gobernante del estado maya de B'aakal, cuya sede era la ciudad de Palenque. Pacal II es el más conocido de los Señores de Palenque, por los niveles de esplendor y sofisticación que alcanzó B'aakal durante su gobierno, así como por su tumba (en donde se encontró esta figura) encontrada en el fondo del Templo de las Inscripciones, en una cripta secreta que permaneció intacta por más de doce siglos, considerada uno de los hallazgos arqueológicos más importantes de Mesoamérica. La pieza nos muestra rasgos clásicos de la nobleza maya, cultura que alcanzó los niveles más altos de arte, ciencia y civilización del mundo antiguo. Los mayas se deformaban el cráneo, y se alargaban la línea de la nariz como se ve en la reproducción.
Cultura: Maya.
Procedencia: Palenque
Región: Chiapas
Mayan head, Palenque head, face of Pakal II or from the god of maize personified by that king. K'inich J'anaab Pakal (Great Sun? Shield) (6 of March of 603-30th of August of 683), known also as Pacal II or Pacal the Great, was governor of the Mayan state of B’aakal, which’s seat was the city of Palenque. Pacal II is the most renowned of the lords of Palenque, for the levels of splendor and sophistication B’aakal reached during his reign, as well as for his tomb (where this figure was found), discovered on the bottom of the Temple of the Inscriptions, in a secret crypt which remained intact for over twelve centuries, considered one of the most important archaeological discoveries of Mesoamerica. The piece shows classic features of the Mayan nobility, culture that reached the highest levels in art, science and civilization of the prehispanic world. The Mayas deformed their skulls and elongated their nose line as can be seen in the reproduction.
Culture: Maya
Location: Palenque
Region: State of Chiapas
Hombre con tocado de pez (tal vez un delfín). Hacha ceremonial que es reconocida como la obra maestra de la escultura menor de la cultura totonaca. La incisión que va de las mejillas a la frente estaba cubierta de mosaicos de turquesa o jade.
Cultura: Totonaca.
Procedencia: Centro de Veracruz
Región: Estado de Veracruz
Man with fish head dress. Ceremonial axe known as the masterpiece of the minor sculpture of the Totonaca culture. The incision extending from the cheeks to the forehead was covered with jade or turquoise mosaics.
Culture: Totonaca
Location: Center of Veracruz
Region: Veracruz
Cultura: Teotihuacana.
Procedencia: Teotihuacán
Región: Estado de México
Teotihuacan Mask. Mask molded in clay representing a human head. It probably had facial paint and it wears two big circular pieces as earrings and a feather as head dress. This is a type of pre Hispanic art characteristic of Teotihuacan (place where gods are born). Sometimes painted, some were made of stone, others of pottery.
Culture: Teotihuacán
Location: Teotihuacán
Region: State of México
Olmeca Head. This is perhaps the most representative of the Olmeca Heads. This pieces are considered the best samples of the Olmeca culture, the most antique and mysterious of the cultures that flourished in the pre-Columbian México; for their dimensions and characteristics they are some of the most beautiful and notable works made by the pre Hispanic man in the continent. In 1862 the first one was discovered in Hueyapan, Veracruz.In total, 17 have been discovered. of which there are various on the museum of site La Venta, among them, the best preserved is this one, known as the “Warrior Head”. It is believed that they may represent warriors, chiefs, or enemies. They were carved with basalt carried long distances. They weigh a few tons and measure up to three and four meters high.
Culture: Olmeca
Location: Villahermosa, Museum of site La Venta
Region: Tabasco
Pectoral Maya de Chichen Itzá. Chichén Itzá es uno de los principales sitios arqueológicos de la península de Yucatán, ubicado en el municipio de Tinum, en el estado de Yucatán. Vestigio importante y renombrado de la civilización maya, las edificaciones principales que ahí perduran corresponden a la época de la declinación de la propia cultura maya denominada por los arqueólogos como el período posclásico, 1000-1687 d. C. Chichén Itzá fue una ciudad o un centro ceremonial, que pasó por diversas épocas constructivas e influencias de los distintos pueblos que la ocuparon e impulsaron. La arquitectura masiva que ha llegado hasta nuestros días y que hoy es emblemática del yacimiento, tiene una clara influencia tolteca. El dios mismo que preside el sitio, Kukulcán, es una manifestación de Quetzalcóatl, dios que partió del panteón tolteca.
Cultura: Maya
Procedencia: Chichen Itzá
Región: Yucatán
Maya chest from Chicen Itzá. Chichen Itzá is one of the main archaeological sites of the Yucatán peninsula, located on the Tinum county, in the state of Yucatán. An important and renowned vestige of the Maya civilization, the main constructions that prevail there correspond to the age of declination of the proper Maya culture, named by the archaeologists as the post Classic period, 1000-1687 A.D. Chichen Itzá was a city or a ceremonial center that went through various construction periods and influences from the different civilizations that occupied and built it. The massive architecture that has reached our days and is today emblematic of the site has a clear Tolteca influence. The god that precedes the place, Kukulkán itself, is a manifestation of Quetzalcóatl, the feathered serpent, god that came from the Tolteca pantheon.
Culture: Maya
Location: Chichen Itzá
Region: Yucatán
Procedencia: Museo de Antropología
Región: Centro de México, DF
Eagle Warrior or Eagle Knight. Cuāuhpilli,or ‘noble eagle’ in classic náhuatl, also called eagle knight or eagle warrior, was a special combatant in the Aztec military infantry, who along with the jaguar knights integrated essentially the warrior elite of the Aztec empire. The Mexicas or Aztecs dominated a broad area in Mesoamerica. The military organization was crucial to pursue the conquest campaigns. The subdued people paid tribute to the Mexicas. This way, war was a central element in their economy, same as in religion and society. Huitzilopochtli was their main god, of war and the sun, to whom they had to feed for it to come out in the morning, concept that is the basis of the human sacrifices.
Culture: Aztec
Location: Museum of Anthropology
Region: Center of Mexico, DF
Hacha con personaje con tocado de ave, de El Tajín, zona arqueológica cerca de la ciudad de Papantla, y de Poza Rica, Veracruz. La ciudad de Tajín fue la capital del estado Totonaca. Tajín significa Ciudad o Lugar del trueno en lenguaje totonaca. Se piensa que Tajín también fue el nombre de algún dios. La construcción de edificios ceremoniales en el Tajín probablemente inició en el siglo I. En el Periodo Clásico mesoamericano temprano el Tajín mostró influencia de Teotihuacan; mientras que en el Posclásico mostró influencia tolteca. En El Tajín, tres son las representaciones escultóricas más significativas: las palmas, los yugos y las hachas votivas.
Cultura: Totonaca.
Procedencia: El Tajín
Región: Centro-Norte de Veracruz.
Axe with personage with bird head dress, from el Tajín, archaeological zone near the city of Papantla, and Poza Rica, Veracruz. The city of Tajín was the capital of the Totonaca state. Tajín means City or place of the thunder in totonaca language. It is thought that Tajín was also the name of some god. The construction of ceremonial buildings in el Tajín started probably in the first century. In the early Classic Mesoamerican period, el Tajín showed influence from Teotihuacán, while in the Post Classic period it showed Toltec influence. In Tajín, three are the most meaningful sculptural representations: palms, yokes and the votive axes.
Culture: Totonaca
Location: El Tajín
Region: Center-North of Veracruz
Cultura: de Colima
Procedencia: Colima
Región: Estado de Colima
Dogs of Colima/dogs of terracotta/Colimotes/
Xoloitzcuinte/Mexican hairless dog. Its origin is very antique. The Indians fed of its meat, which was very appreciated. It was considered the representative of the god “Xolotl”, from which its name obviously derives. Its mission was to help the soul of the dead overcome the obstacles and guide them towards their eternal destination; for this they were buried together with their masters, and canine skeletons have been found in human graves. In the state of Colima, a considerable number of graves were found, which in their majority contained statues of dogs made of clay, molded by hand. It is a nice dog, its main characteristic is the total absence, or almost, of hair, with soft and terse skin; its body is well proportioned with wide chest and broad ribcage, long limbs and tail. The body is slightly longer in relation to its height, approximately 10:9, the females allowed to be a bit longer.
Culture: of Colima
Location: Colima
Region: State of Colima
Cultura: De Veracruz
Procedencia: El Tajín
Región: Centro-Norte de Veracruz.
Más…Se desconoce cuál era la función de estas figuras de cerámica, que se han encontrado en sitios como Remojadas, Cerro de las Mesas, Nopiloa, El Tajín y Xiutetelco, sitios en los que la cultura clásica del Centro de Veracruz tuvo su mayor florecimiento. Se ha propuesto que las piezas son representaciones de sujetos en trance por el uso de alcaloides en rituales religiosos. También se ha dado como hipótesis que podrían ser representaciones de personajes importantes provenientes de diversas regiones de Mesoamérica, los cuales se identifican por el tipo de tocado que portan. También se piensa que se consideraban dotadas de poderes mágicos para cantar y bailar para los fallecidos en la otra vida, por lo que eran colocadas como ofrendas en las tumbas.
Smiling head of El Tajín. Besides being one of the most notable objects of the culture of Veracruz, the smiling heads are a gender of the Mesoamerican pre Hispanic pottery characteristic to this culture. They are commonly considered Totonacan, although strictly they are from a much previous period. They are little pieces of fired clay which represent smiling human faces. In the universe of the Mesoamerican anthropomorphic representations they are exceptional, because Mesoamerican art characterizes by its hieratic portraits and by the schematism of human representations. In strict sense, they are not facial representations; they constituted part of complete body effigies, which broke apart with time; there are complete pieces, all from the center-north of Veracruz.
Culture: of Veracruz
Location: El Tajín
Region: Center-North of Veracruz
More…It is unknown which was the function of these clay figurines, found in places like Remojadas, Cerro de las Mesas, Nopiloa, El Tajín and Xiutetelco, sites where the classic culture of central Veracruz had its greatest flourishing. It has been proposed that the pieces are representations of subjects in trance by the use of alkaloids in religious rituals. It has also been given as hypothesis that they could be representations of important persons that came from various regions of Mesoamerica, who are identified by the type of head dress they wear. Also it is thought that they were considered to be bestowed with magical powers to sing and dance in the afterlife, for the ones that passed away, for which they were placed as offerings in the graves.
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